Slavery vs Indentureship in the Caribbean

Slavery and Indentureship can be described as two of the most horrible historic happenings to occur. They share numerous differences as well as Similarities, which make us, question whether Indentureship was disguised as a form of slavery or not. Chattel slavery, otherwise known as traditional slavery is a system under which people are treated as property and are forced to work. Slaves could be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation. In some historical situations it has been legal for owners to kill slaves.The conditions in which the slaves resided and worked can be described as horrible. Indentureship, on the other hand, specifically East Indian Indentureship, was the arrival of East Indians from India to the Caribbean to replace African labor under a contract which they open-mindedly agreed to. In theory, as described by some historical references and using the previ ously stated definitions it can be stated that Indian Indentureship in the British Colonized Caribbean between 1845 -1917 was not a form of chattel slavery but the conditions however were reminiscent of the past system of slavery which it succeeded as a means of labour.One of the major aspects which differentiated slavery form Indentureship was the legal ownership of the workers involved. Africans were captured from their native homelands and forcefully enslaved via five ways, as prisoners of war, payment of debt, victims of kidnappings and raids, as gifts given to tribal owners and European slave traders alike and through birth. This meant that the human beings being enslaved for their whole lives were legal properties of the humans and their generations enslaving them, comparative to the ownership of animals.When immigrants landed in a Caribbean colony they came under the control of the local immigration department which was headed by a protector of immigrants called the Agent-Gen eral. In 1837 John Gladstone, father of British Prime Minister & the owner of two plantations in British Guiana, applied to the Secretary Of State for the colonies to import Indian Labourers. In 1838 396 immigrants arrived in British Guiana the great flood on Indian Immigrant Workers begun; it was deemed a success by British Guiana.The Anti-Slavery Society revealed that many of the immigrants were dying quickly, some were e being flogged  and wrongly imprisoned while others were not paid what they were owed, therefore in July 1838 the Indian government suspended all emigration while a Commission of Enquiry, made a thorough investigation of the conditions in British Guiana. Immigration resumed officially in 1844, and lasted until 1917. In 1840s the Planter’s demand for Indian Immigrant Labour was strong, as was the case British Guiana where the government was spending $50 000 per year on Immigrant workers the colony was almost bankrupt in 1848 but a loan of $200 000 from the British government help to keep the scheme alive.But for this demand to be supplied a large amounts of immigrants were needed, Indian Immigrant Labourers were sourced from the poor streets of Bombay, Calcutta & Madras. These cities were also ports of embarkation. After 1848 they were drawn from the provinces of Agra, Oudh & Bihar which suffered from terrible frequent famine. Many of these immigrants were peasant farmers. Immigrant workers saw immigration as a means of starting over to escape from religious tribulation, to end their poverty Indentured laborers were not by law the property of their employer.Between indentured laborer and plantation owner was the existence of an employer-employee relationship. Their children were in no way bonded by the contracts signed between parent and employer. The contracts ran usually from 3-5 years and could be renewed later for 5-10 years. The contracts were voluntarily signed but however the circumstances surrounding the signings were not alw ays truthful. Some Indians were fooled or misled and there was miscommunication because of the different tribal tongues. The contracts signed in some cases were misrepresentations of the true situation in the British colonies.They were misled and received not what they bargained for; this was partly due to their illiteracy. Some Indians may also have been kidnapped form the poorer areas. Both the East Indian Indenturers and the enslaved Africans were shipped from their home lands to various European colonies. They are comparable in that many East Indians were kidnapped and taken against their will just as the enslaved Africans were. Nevertheless, the lengthy journeys these two groups of people embarked on contrasted significantly in terms of treatment and conditions.For instance, East Indian Indenturers had agents that tried to make certain that the ship had ample crew, sufficient medical personnel, sweepers, cooks and also drugs and warm clothing, they ensured that the crew looked after the welfare of the Indentured the immigrants were given 2 square meters with one adult per bunk. Also, planters paid much attention to the medical well-being of the emigrants and supplied accommodation and entertainment to make the extensive voyage more endurable for them.Although at first there were some problems the Immigrants were only allowed 1.5 square meters on deck this was very cramped for a journey wish lasted between 93-113 this led to high death rates for example the Salsette left from Calcutta to Trinidad landed with only 124 passengers 199 had died of Cholera, Dysentery and Sea Sickness. On the other hand, the enslaved Africans were also crammed onto large ships by the hundreds in inhumane conditions which led to a high death rate. The Hannibal was loaded with 200 slaves by the time the shipped had reached American water 320 slaves had died .The women were victim to rape as well, they were given minimal food, left in their own waste and only given little time on d eck to exercise & get some fresh air, because of these poor conditions along the middle passage they were often revolts on board. When immigrants landed in a Caribbean colony they came under control of the local immigration department . It was headed by a protector of immigrants who was also known as the Agent General. Each year planters sent in requests for Labourers and the immigration department divided the immigrants among the estates.When this was done the Agent General was in charge to ensure the many rules and regulations were enforced such as sound housing, watertight roofing and proper drainage to ensure the laws were enforced he had a staff of clerks, travelling inspectors and interpreters. A special corps of surgeons were also assembled headed by the island’s Surgeon General, since it was found that many new immigrants died within the first year . Every three months the Agent General’s staff had to prepare a report on each plantation listing the number of da ys lost through sickness, all fines on Labourers, and the number of births and deaths.When African slaves came to the Caribbean upon reaching the port the slaves were prepared for sale. Captains tried to make their cargo as attractive as possible . Slaves were stripped and shaved to remove grey hairs that lowered the selling price. Palm oil was rubbed into muscles to give a healthy firm appearance, some captains tried to hide to scars & wounds with cosmetic mixtures which included gunpowder, lime juice and iron rust.The final sale was carried about in two ways, a ‘slave scramble’ or an auction. Slaves would be herded into a pen, surrounded by  eager buyers, pushing and shoving in order to position themselves to grab hold of the finest specimens. A starting gun would be fired, and the buyers would surge into the pen to try and collect the best individuals. Often, fights broke out among the buyers as well as startled slaves would jump into the water. Following the scram ble, buyers lined up with their â€Å"captured† slaves and paid for them. A male slave cost about 200 guilders which was about the yearly wage for a sailor, women and children cost less in the 18th century the price went up to about ne 700 guilders.After this; slaves would be branded with the initials of their w owners. Unlike Indentured servants slaves were seen as property of their owner and therefore had little to no rights. Only those with special skills/talents were given special privileges. They were given insufficient rations and sometimes had to steal to gather enough food as well as food obtained from their own gardens. They were given inadequate amounts of fresh water. As well as worked long hours with little time for rest.Their health was a main concern but only because in order not to lose their value as workers through sickness. On large plantations it was a common practice to provide a hospital, and to engage the services of a doctor on a regular basis. Unfortun ately slaves were afflicted with many illnesses which the doctors couldn’t treat. Indentured Indians life on the plantation was not much different, working day was unduly long, the idea of a rest day inconceivable; the laborers found their movements severely curtailed, and indeed they were caged within the walls of the plantation.Discipline was enforced with an iron hand, and the whip cracked generously: as a number of Indian laborers in Surinam were to state in a complaint in 1883, â€Å"if any coolie fails to work for a single day of the week, he is sent to jail for two or four days, where he is forced to work while day and night kept under chains. We are tortured very much. For this reason two to three persons died by swallowing opium and drowning themselves. † Over the period 1834, when the first batch of indentured Indians arrived in Mauritius, to 1917, when the indentured system was brought to a halt, nearly 1. 5 million Indians had sold themselves into debt-bond age.About 240,000 Indians had been sent to British Guiana (now Guyana), 36,000 to Jamaica, and nearly 144,000 to Trinidad, to mention only some of the Caribbean nations. As the Barbadian novelist George Lamming put it, â€Å"these Indian hands — whether in British Guiana or Trinidad — have fed all of us. † These hands were to contribute, as much as the hands of African slaves and their descendants, to the Caribbean experiment of giving shape to a unique expression of human civilization, and as Lamming has recognized, â€Å"there can be no creative discovery of this civilization without the central and informing influence of the Indian presence.There can be no history of Trinidad and Guyana that is not also a history of the humanization of those landscapes by Indian Labour. † Indians are apt, like many other people, to associate the phenomenon of slavery solely with Africans, but it is not realized that indentured labor was only, in the words of Hugh Tinke r, â€Å"a new form of slavery†.If what is most notable about slavery is the fact that it allows the master or the capitalist to extract labor without paying the price of labor that is precisely what was achieved through the system of indentured servitude. There is, in this abominable exercise, a salutary lesson for those who have been the victims of European domination with its characteristically merciless, self-aggrandizing, and malign features, for when Europeans saw fit to bestow ‘freedom' upon a certain people, they could only do so by chaining others.The history of the white race, in this respect, is no fundamentally different today than it was before. But there is also, in the history of Indian indentured migration, something that rekindles hope. From the ashes of the painful and degrading experience of indenture, Indians were able, over the course of the last 150 years, to build anew their lives, and to give themselves an inestimable and indispensable place in t he countries to which they had been brought.

Prejudice †Montan 1948 & Snow Falling on Cedars Essay

The conventions of the concept, ‘prejudice and hatred are never right in a just society’ are explored in Larry Watson’s 1993 fictional novel, ‘Montana 1948’ and also in the film, ‘Snow Falling on Cedars’, directed by Scott Hicks. Specifically, the two compositions delve into this notion by mainly focusing on the prejudices that are placed on those who are not of the Caucasian race. For example, in ‘Montana 1948’ the Indians are discriminated against and American-Japanese citizens are victimized in ‘Snow Falling on Cedars’. These prejudices are similarly portrayed in both texts; however there are also some contrasting features. Varying techniques such as changing from present to past text to emphasise the continuous use of memory, various panning shots and most importantly, dialogue, are all used to convey that prejudice and hatred are never right in a just society. In ‘Montana 1948’, written by Larry Watson, we are instantly introduced to David, the narrator of the story. David immediately reveals that the story will be told as a memory; he establishes this in the first sentence of the prologue, â€Å"From the summer of my twelfth year I carry a series of images more vivid and lasting than any others of my boyhood and indelible beyond all attempts the years make to erase or fade them†. This is written in past tense which instantly shows the audience that story is a memory of David’s. The sentence also creates an element of mystery as David mentions he has attempted to forget the summer of his twelfth year. After instantaneously establishing the importance of memory in this novel, Watson then begins to weave racial prejudices which are the other key feature in the composition. â€Å"A young Sioux woman lies on a bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the second sentence of the prologue and by using the word ‘Sioux’ makes the audience aware of the underlying racial issues about to become apparent. As the story continues, we are made aware. We find that the story is set in a small community, Bedrock, which has a nearby reservation filled with Sioux Native Americans. The story is set in 1948 and is told from David’s perspective; however this constantly changes from present to past tense, which emphasises that the composition is a memory. With this fluid, constant conversion, the story is given more depth and the audience is provided with more information to truly understand every aspect of the focal story. Language used in the text; mainly colloquial within the characters’ dialogue portray the issues of prejudice. We are given the impression that David likes the Indians and thinks of them as equals; especially since David talks of his love for Marie and his fondness of Ollie. However, not everybody feels this way. **We are also made aware of the Indians status within society due to the language and dialogue used throughout the text. â€Å"My father did not like Indians†, â€Å"We want them white† and â€Å"little squaw† highlight such language conventions.

Mechanical Engineering History Essay

At the start of the Industrial Revolution, in the 18th century the steam engine was first produced. From this production it gave an enormous start to all machinery of any type and every type. As a result, a new major classification of engineering was formed due to the intuition of machines and tools being developed. Soon after this, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers was founded in Birmingham, England in 1847. â€Å"Scientists investigate that which already is; Engineers create that which has never been.† (â€Å"Mechanical Engineering†) In this quote, Albert Einstein explains that engineering is essential to societal advancement and what is will never be without engineering. Henry Petroski helps informs the public that, Engineers do not have supernatural abilities. They are not perfect. It is not natural for them to not make mistakes. One can forgive their mistakes, but it is essential for one to catch and correct them. Therefore it is the nature of modern engineering for engineers to check over one’s own work and calculations along with the work of their collogues. Being an engineer is a serious profession, â€Å"You are looking at a â€Å"professional degree† rather than an arts degree or a science degree. Many people would say that the engineering degree is consistent with a law degree. I am not sure I agree but it is different than a physical education degree. And, by the way, the earning potential is greater, too† (Blackmon) says Professor Blackmon, one of UNC Charlotte’s professors’ and advisor for Mechanical Engineering. According to Blackmon, a freshman mechanical engineer needs to expect â€Å"to know that they will be spending a lot of time learning over the next four years.† They will also need to know that they will be placed in â€Å"Calculus1, ENGR1201 and CHEM1251†. In the engineering program at UNC Charlotte, there are two pathways, Engineering and Engineering-Tech. Blackmon states that the main difference between the two is that, â€Å"engineering is calculus based with a physics based curriculum, and technology is algebra based and algebra based physics based† (Blackmon). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2011 there was a national total of 238,260 mechanical engineers in the USA. Fifty percent of these mechanical engineers made at least $38.09 an hour on the job. At this hourly rate, these ME’s made $79,230 annually. (â€Å"17-2141 Mechanical Engineers†). Professor Blackmon tells me that here at UNC Charlotte, â€Å"we have mechanical engineering going into most any industry and most any specialty. They are in energy, motorsports, medicine, robotics, space exploration, etc. I am not sure of any real project that cannot benefit from the support of a mechanical engineer.† Also at UNC Charlotte, graduates who have at least a 3.4 GPA tend to find a job even before they graduate. Graduation to about sixty percent of UNC Charlotte’s graduates happens in about six years; only twenty-two percent of freshman graduate in four years. According to Blackmon, â€Å"Our results are about the same for all engineering schools† (Blackmon). A mechanical engineer requires many traits and qualities that most individuals may not know. These characteristics include and follow what is stated in the quote below: Mechanical engineers are characterized by personal creativity, breadth of knowledge, and versatility. They are also valuable and reliable multidisciplinary team members. The technical subject areas that form the main basis for their work include mechanics, energy transfer and conversion, design and manufacturing, and the engineering sciences. A good understanding of English and mathematics is also crucial to this kind of profession. (â€Å"Mechanical Engineering Major†) There wouldn’t be new inventions or products made without engineering. Becoming an ME is not easy it takes many years of experience, knowledge in the field, much dedication and perseverance. Works Cited â€Å"An Excellent Collection of Engineering Quotes.† Articlesbase.com. Articlesbase.com, n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Mechanical Engineering.† Britannica.com. 2012. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Mechanical Engineering Major.† MyMajors. My Majors, 2012. Web. 30 Sep 2012. . â€Å"17-2141 Mechanical Engineers.† Bls.gov. 27 Mar. 2012. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. . Blackmon, Don. Personal Interview. 11 Oct. 2012.

Capstone Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Capstone Project - Research Paper Example However while eBay is a consumer-to-consumer trade platform, Amazon.com relies mainly on the producer-to-consumer trade model and also offers many own products and services. The other two main competitors for Amazon.com from the books/publications field and the multimedia provision field are Barnes & Noble and Netflix respectively. The company is headquartered in Seattle, Washington and employs more than a hundred thousand people. The company was founded by Jeff Bezos who remains its chairman, president and chief executive officer. Vision and Mission The self-stated mission of the company is to â€Å"be Earth’s most customer-centric company, where customers can find and discover anything they might want to buy online, and endeavour to offer its customers the lowest possible prices.† And while there is no articulate vision, given by the shareholders or founder of the company, to be followed by the staff, there are several references in the official publically available d ocuments of the company to the drive towards technological innovation. There is no doubt that of all the businesses aiming or claiming to provide customers a wide variety of choice of products or services, Amazon.com, the world’s largest online retailer, is the truest to its mission statement. While it started off as an online bookstore, Amazon.com soon started offering multimedia products such as videos, films and music and later on got into the markets of various consumer products such as software, video games, electrical appliances, garments, cutlery, decoration items, sports goods and eatables etc. In the present day, Amazon.com offers many products and services of its own such as the market leading e-book reader (Kindle) and cloud networking services. The focus on customary offerings of Amazon.com can also be realized by the fact that the company operates specialized websites in Japan, Canada, United States, India, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Mexico, France, Australi a, Brazil, China and Spain and has plans for such websites in Sweden, Holland and Poland as well. E-commerce is a an extension of physical trade over the internet and e-commerce companies such as Amazon.com do not reflect the kind of technological innovation that is generally appreciated of a web-based enterprise such as an internet social network. That is because the focus is still on trading of tangible goods and hence the trading represents the area of business rather than technology or the internet which is just a conduit for the trade. Neither Amazon.com’s strategies nor its staff are known to be technologically advanced or innovative in the contemporary sense. Similarly while the focus on low pricing is highlighted by the mission statement of Amazon.com, just as it is in the written objectives of innumerable businesses, there is no special initiative that offers a cost advantage to customers or targets the lower classes of consumers other than the need-based policy of c ompetitive pricing. There is however a recently launched program that incorporates the ideas of both innovation and financial advantage for the customers called the â€Å"Subscribe & Save† program. The subscription offered by the program is open to consumers in most of Amazon.com’s operating regions and includes all household and other bulk-purchasable goods. Through this program consumers are offered up to a fifteen percent discount and free

Aviation Security Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Aviation Security - Case Study Example The aviation industry has historically been an attractive target to terrorists; this is by far the most potent threat facing the aviation industry. Several steps have been taken to heighten security in the aviation industry. Security systems were first implemented in airports on a large scale in the 1970s after cases of commercial aircraft hijackings became common (Harris 2002). This involves usage of metal detectors to check luggage and passengers, scanning of passengers with metal detection wands, physical checks on luggage, interrogation of suspicious passengers and strict verification of identification documents. To some extent, these measures have succeeded in reducing the levels of insecurity that existed in the aviation industry. However, criminals always find other ways to defeat the system, as is evident in the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States of America and past airliner bombings. The current security policies and regulations in airports could be enhanced in order to become more effective. Security personnel in airports should be paid higher salaries, as a way of motivating them to perform well in their duties. They should also be better trained, since inattentiveness on their part could result in the smuggling of well-hidden bombs and weapons into aircrafts by terrorists. It is also necessary to subject these personnel to frequent background checks; there have been cases of staff assisting terrorists to commit their crimes. An example of this is the hijacking of TWA Flight 847, in which staff members aided terrorists by hiding weapons in the washroom; these were later used by the terrorists to carry out their deed (Harris 2002). Potential candidates for security personnel jobs in airports should be selectively chosen with regard to their ability to handle these jobs. Such criteria would include possession of cognitive abilities, abstract reasoning and alertn ess. Another feature that should be incorporated in

Compare and contrast The Lesson with Girl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and contrast The Lesson with Girl - Essay Example The generation gap is obvious by the amount of talking done by mother and the short responses of the daughter. The story also points to the start of the new era and age. All the advices of the mother are representing the previous generation suppression and hindrances. They particularly point to the sufferings of the women. â€Å"The Lesson† gives variety of themes. The most striking is the socioeconomic differences in American society. The short story shows the psychological makeup of a class because of the economic conditions and the reaction of the class when confronted with another class. The story also tells about the relationship of children and parents. In the story this relationship is very weak; in fact parents have given the responsibility to someone else. Comparing this theme with â€Å"Girl†, it becomes clear that despite generation gap the relationship of mother and daughter is strong. It is the concern of mother which is forcing her to guide the daughter, w hile in â€Å"The Lesson† children are given to a cousin by parents. Another contrasting theme of these two stories is that in â€Å"Girl† the mother is trying to save conventional ways and means but in â€Å"The Lesson† Miss Moore is deliberately trying to teach unconventional ways to the children. Although the writer of â€Å"Girl† is not intending to safeguard traditional values but there is no intent of challenging them. CHARACTERS â€Å"Girl† has two characters, Mother and Daughter. In this short story they are representing two different generations, two different points of views. Although most of the talking in this short story is done by the mother but the daughter is able to make her presence felt by two meek interruptions. â€Å"The Lesson† has many characters and they all represent same racial class. Miss Moore is antagonist as she responsible for all the tension and drama in the story. Her name suggests different meanings for exam ple she is more educated, she has more money, and she wants more children to get educated. Miss Moore wants to give something back to her community and the best she could is by educating younger generation. Sylvia is the narrator of the story and she is a kind of leader. She does not submit to authority easily and therefore hates Miss Moore. This feeling increases after the trip, which was intended as a lesson. Although at the end Sylvia realizes and understands the lesson but for most of the story she is against Miss Moore. Sugar is another character of the story and like her name she is very innocent and sweet. She is the best friend of Sylvia and was first to tell what Sylvia felt and what Miss Moore wanted them to feel. Her innocent question regarding stealing at toy shop represents her inner innocence as well as the education and norms of a class. Other characters are not very active but their names are very interesting and give a very vivid picture in the mind of readers. Flyb oy, Fat Butt, Mercedes, Rosie, Junebug, Q.T etc represent different shades of a class and their name also presents to some extent their physical and mental attributes. Characterization of â€Å"The Lesson† is very strong as compare to â€Å"Girl†. The main reason for this is the length of two short stories. Despite this difference in both the stories the focus remains on two characters. The relationship between main characters in both short stories remain same i.e. one is educating or trying to

Chapter 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter 9 - Essay Example Though in these cases the stages of acculturation might not be so visible, they still exist – a sojourner feels excitement about coming to a new area, then a crisis due to the differences one has to get used to, and, finally, readjustment to normal life in case he or she either stays or returns back (general model of acculturation). Another thing I particularly liked is that the chapter also teaches us on how to behave after we return from another culture. My attention was drawn to this part because, from my experience, when talking about the difficulties of acculturation, the problems a person faces in a foreign culture are discussed, while not so much is usually said about the after-return challenges. At the same time, it seems rather important to know what to do and how to behave upon the return to the changed with time native culture. The chapter also presents a hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow. Though it is not the first time I meet Maslow’s pyramid of needs, what I liked about this text is that it clearly explains how to apply Maslow’s theory to real situations of acculturating – appeal to higher needs, such as usefulness or self-esteem, does not work up until the lower needs, such as security of friendship, are met. The author also describes four models of acculturation: general model, the hero’s journey, the surprise and sense-making model, and the comprehensive model of stress, adaptation and growth. I believe it is very useful to know all the four approaches to acculturation, because the more sides and peculiarities of the problem we are aware of, the easier for us it will be to deal with acculturation when such a need arises. While each separate model may be self-sufficing, all of them together show a wider and deeper picture of what happens to an individual in a new culture, how one should deal with the challenges, and what reactions various problems may

Leadership of the Sexes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership of the Sexes - Essay Example Men and women primarily differ due to their genetic make up and react to situations with corresponding influence from hormones. In stress and conflict, women produce the oxytocin hormone that tends to harmonize relationship while men produce testosterone which drives men to act aggressively. Scientific studies and tools emphasize on the distinction between the sexes. Using PET scan (monitors activity of neurons), MRI scan (shows flow of blood), and SPECT scan (tracks brain activity) on brain areas, it was revealed that with more activity, more blood flows in the â€Å"spatial-mechanical centers† on the right side of the male brain while for the female, blood flows more on the â€Å"verbal-emotive centers in both sides† (men tend to move around during meetings while women discuss matters); there is more gray matter on men (making them process singly and locally) while women have more of the white matter (they â€Å"process more globally† and evaluate the world reg ularly); the larger hippocampus in female brain makes them recall â€Å"more physical and situational details;† larger amygdala in females tends to resolve conflict by upward direction toward the verbal areas in the brain while for males, the direction is downward that tends to produce physical manifestation; and hormone secretion affects the thinking process of both genders differently (more testosterone and vasopressin in males makes them territorial and aggressive while more serotonin and oxytocin influence females towards calmness and bonding) (Gurian and Annis 3). Brain differences enable women to utilize participatory leadership (at ease with teamwork, value work relationships) and rationalize inductively, while men tend to use transactional leadership (testing people and ideas) and rationalize deductively. Women used to describe things, empathize with people, prefer â€Å"verbal interaction,† and capable of multitasking, while men directly tell

Christology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Christology - Essay Example Although all attempts to categorize the views of others risk oversimplification, it is nonetheless necessary to distinguish between and categorize different approaches if we are to evaluate them briefly and effectively. What does this say about Christian mission I do not mean to suggest that evangelization is incompatible with respectful dialogue -- quite the opposite. Although evangelizing calls at times for clarity about the faith that informs Christian action, evangelizing is not the same thing as proselytizing. To evangelize is to witness to the Gospel, and very often the witness that is required is decency, cooperation in pursuit of the common good, and willingness to profess one's own faith truthfully (Haight, 2000, 103-112). In the context of interfaith dialogue, witness to the Gospel should lie precisely in refusing to take advantage of the situation to make converts. But this is the nub of the problem, since it is precisely the content of the Gospel as it relates to dialogue that is in question. (Sobrino, 2002, 42-48) The refu Christology in Contemporary Christianity The refusal to proselytize can only be a witness to the Gospel if the Gospel itself warrants such a refusal. Christians have always understood the Good News as something which demands to be shared with everybody because the salvation it proclaims is addressed to everybody (Hill, 2004, 93-100). If there are times and situations when going out of one's way to make converts is to be avoided for the sake of the Gospel itself, this can only be because the Gospel vision places a high value on respectful dialogue, even on a dialogue that is prepared to continue interminably with no agreement in view. Thinking along these lines, we might say that in Christ the presence of the alien is welcomed and the fact of difference is embraced-this is the Good News that is proclaimed by Christians when they not only live peaceably with nonbelievers but seek fellowship and common cause with followers of any tradition that honors the stranger and says yes to difference. But if significance (or even the me re assumption of religious superiority) is the natural fruit of Christian faith, then the Gospel I have just described cannot be the Christian Gospel. (Snyder, 1988, 54-62) We can also turn this around and say that if philosophical significance does not belong to the essence of Christianity, what we are left with is a Christian Gospel that demands that the church forswear all claims to spiritual privilege, and rejoice as it does so. So, where does the Christian Gospel really stand with respect to philosophical significance As I have suggested, the New Testament itself is unable to decide the question, since it can be read both ways. This collection of mid-to-late first-century texts with widely varying and at times contradictory theological agendas is unified by its persistent claim that Jesus is the Messiah (Snyder, 1988, 54-62). Some would add that it is also unified by the importance implied in this claim about Jesus.

Relationaship between Work and Non-Work Life Essay

Relationaship between Work and Non-Work Life - Essay Example This section will clarify the work and non-work issues in order to create clear understanding. Individual have to handle challenging issues in work and non-work life. Such activities include job, stress, family, children, different roles, social activities, and workload among others. Consequently absenteeism, mental illness, conflicts become prevalent as the challenges increases. Achieving â€Å"balance† in work and non-work life means, ability of individuals to make good interaction between work and non-work life without undermining the satisfactory performance of one domain by another (Noon & Blyton, 2007). In recent years, there is an increasing trend of involvement of spouses and family members in the work force, which brings a role conflict among people. Everyone tends to be very busy with workload and focus less on individual roles such as in the family decisions. This situation is increasing stresses and misunderstandings among the family members, which is becoming a ma jor contributor to absenteeism, low employee morale, high accident and turnover rates, decreased productivity, and increased company medical expenses. Stress is viewed not just as a function of being under pressure in an occupational sense, but also as a function of an individual’s whole life situation (Cooper et al., 1988). Moreover, work and non-work balancing will help workers to balance between work and family demands, which will in turn increase the productivity and business profitability (Glass & finley, 2002). finley, 2002). However, there is huge effect of non-work life on work life and vice versa. A happy non-work such as family and social life can help individuals to handle challenges in work life too. Therefore, it can be argued that, the relationship between work and non-work is two-way. Marks et al. (2001) and Gutek et al. (1991) posit that work life influences the non-work life in many different ways and vice-versa, because of the financial dependency on jobs an d less flexibility in job schedules. Therefore, it has been a challenge for the employees to make balance between these two. Job satisfaction is highly

Google China Essay Example for Free

Google China Essay Chinese language search engine launched in china in 2006 (pg. 37) Company was private until 2004, Page and Brin decided to conduct a Dutch auction Dutch auction was designed to â€Å"democratize IPO share allocation and afford companies and early investors the best price†( pg. 40) Company 5,680 employees were scattered throughout the world (pg. 41) 2005 positive cash flow of 3. 45 billion (pg. 41) Revenue of $6. 14 billion (pg. 41) Google motto â€Å"don’t be evil† (pg. 42) â€Å"With a population of 1. 6 billion people, China had become an attractive market for many U. S. -based multinationals† Chinese internet controlled through both governmental and censorship (self-Censorship) (pg. 47) Chinese government was able to monitor all foreign internet traffic by routers (URLs) (pg. 47) In 2002, google. com was inaccessible for 2 weeks, it was slow and temperamental for all Chinese users (pg. 53) Google was losing market share to Baidu, yahoo, an Microsoft (pg. 53) Step 3: Write the problem statement. Tom Maclean, the director of International Business for Google Inc. was facing whether to continue google. cn in China or just leave it as google. com, even though google. Would be a slower search engine in china and may not give Google Inc. any profit. Maclean has to address this problem within 24 hours or Google Inc. may lose profits from China. Step 4: State an objective for the manager involved. Short-term objectives: 1. To- Rebuild reputation that was damaged 2. To- maintain both search engines Long-term objectives: 1. To- Google should continue with their mission to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful 2. To – create better methods to make google. cn filter the Chinese information Step 5: Identify and rank order critical issues related to the problem. Here lies the heart of the case; if you miss a critical issue, you miss the opportunity to solve the case to the satisfaction of involved stakeholders. Identify least to most critical. Specify which issue should be addressed first. 1. The damage caused by Google Inc. 2. finding methods in filtering google. cn 3. Google. cn whether it should continue in China, since Google was losing market share to others such as yahoo, Microsoft, and Baidu Step 6: Consider relevant information and underlying assumptions related to the problem. Fact- Chinese government censors search results about â€Å"harmful Material† Fact- China is a great place to obtain investments Assumption- Google. cn would do good Step 7: List possible solutions to the problem. 1. First solution. Google should get rid of Google. cn in china and just let it be google. com Advantages Advantage- don’t have to worry about the censorship and regulations Advantage- all places would have the same search engine Disadvantages Disadvantage- slower search engine Disadvantage- Chinese wouldn’t use it at a search engine Possible Outcomes Best: Google. com would be a good search engine and the Chinese will use it Most Likely: Chinese will not use google. com as there search engine, causing Google to lose money Least Likely: Google. com would be the Chinese search engine 2. Second solution Google will continue on with google. cn in China Advantages Advantage- it would make Google Inc. profit Advantage- Google will rebuild reputation that was damaged Disadvantages Disadvantage- Chinese users would be aware of the filtering but not the exact nature of filtering Disadvantage- everything goes through the Chinese government Possible Outcomes Best: Google. cn will be the best search engine and Google Inc. will rebuild the damaged caused Most Likely: Google. cn will be good and make Google Inc. profit Least Likely: Chinese government won’t get involved in google. cn Step 8: Select the best solution. What should the manager do and why? Support with evidence. Google Inc. should move forward with google. cn and persuade china to lower their regulations and expectations. Step 9: Decide how to implement the solution. Create a plan of action—actions required, time line, resources, personnel, impact on the organization, measurement of results. Tom Maclean should implement the solution in the meeting he is going to have, let them know that google. cn will continue to work in China but it will be more organized and need the Chinese government to lower their expectations. Step 10: Explain how to communicate the solution. How to communicate the message and to whom. Consider the needs of your target audience and the needs of stakeholders. Think about timing as well. He should communicate the message through a press conference, within the next day of his decision.

Organism Physiology Essay Example for Free

Organism Physiology Essay Introduction This paper will clearly display a diagram of an organism of the student’s choice. This organism will display all of the main structures of the primary organs by labeling. Careful research will exhibit the concepts of natural selection and adaptation. Selected organism will address the proper concepts that apply. Three physiological adaptions were investigated by the student. Upon conclusion of the student’s investigation, knowledge will grant the understanding of how physiological adaptions allow the selected organism to thrive in its ecological niche. The organism that was selected for this essay is the Fish. External Anatomy This diagram below was provided and reproduced with the kind consent of WWW.FLORIDA FISHERIES.COM. Florida Fisheries has developed and provided the illustration of the external detail breakdown of a largemouth bass fish as shown below: Explanation of why nuisance species like the Fish share an equal importance to the economy and to ecology. Fish evolution and adaption process has produced many species that are a great contribution to mankind in many aspects. INTERNAL ANATOMY There are many variations of fish; who are defined as animals. Fish represents the most common living vertebrates. Currently, there are an estimation of at least 25,000 species of fish who are living today and this number is growing. The cold-blooded fish have a backbone and fins. In  addition, fish breathe through an airway named gills. Fish have skin however, on top of the skin is scales. There are some fish who do not have scales; as catfish who only have skin. Fish are able to steer, stop, move, maintain their position and stop by using their fins. The location of these fins vary in different fish. As for the scales on fish they vary as well. Amazingly all fish have a slimy mucus covering that protect fish for obtaining infections. Fish are referred to as aquatic vertebrates and they have appendages which have gone through the adapted process over a set time frame for the purpose of swimming. Mastering their domain which is water have gained the attention of many scientist. Fish come in various sizes and colors and have hearty appetites which substantiates their ability consume a large variety of foods. Evolution and Adaption Process There are many different species of fish. The first fish were vertebrates which were labeled as Ostracoderms. These fish were evident during the Cambrian Period approximately 510 million years ago. These vertebrates became extinct when the Devonian period ended 350 million years ago. One of the distinct character traits of these fish were jawless and their primary home was always in fresh water. Another distinct trait was their size which measured less than 30 cm (1foot long). Their external appearance as a bony scales covering the entire body of the fish. Osteichtyes are a class of bony fish that exist about 20,000. This class of fish which has a history of more than 410 million years include: tuna, eels and many other varieties of bony fish. These fish ceased to exist when a class of large humongous fish like the Sharks, Whales, and Placoderms arrived on the scene. Evolution has proven for these fish to exist their lungs increased allowing these fish to develop a swim bladder. This evolution process allowed these fish to float in the water no matter how high the water is. In addition, this evolution became very evident in the fish lungs. There are many categories however the three major for bony fish are: lung, ray-fins, and lobed. Their existence depends on the type of water that they live in. When these fish live in fresh water the oxygen level must have at least ninety percent. Their physiological characteristics of these fish gills is to strategic conduct a gas exchange where these fish maneuver water across their blood vessels. This fish gills are a very important physical trait  which is covered by opercula. This part of the fish looks like large plates. Digestive, and circulatory systems of these fish operate with a heart that has only two chambers. Conclusion Fish are a proven great contribution to all of mankind. Their evolution has proven to be very successful for a proven source for all of mankind. Gaining a greater understanding of their past to present will establish boundaries to protect their ongoing evolution. Some of the concepts of adaption and concepts of natural selection of how these fish thrive in its ecological niche have been addressed. Reference 1. WWW.FLORIDA FISHERIES.COM 2. www.lookd.com/fish/evolution.html

Challenges of Strategic Human Resource Management

Challenges of Strategic Human Resource Management Strategic Human Resource Management is related between strategic management and HRM. SHRM is intended to create decisions organizations employees important works of its business strategy. It gives the general way of an organizations hope to achieving objectives through its people. SHRM is run for long term issues of the people in business. It is also connected to the organizations structure and its culture, requirements of future business. Its performance can change the total management. Strategic human resource management emphases on human resource programme of Nokia that has long term objectives. It is focusing on internal human resource issues as well as on addressing and solving problems that effect management programs in the long term. So the main goal of strategic human resources is to boost employee productivity by focusing on business resistance that take place outside of human resources. SHRM of Nokia employs strategies that help to develop the business performance of Nokia and help an environment of modernism and flexibility among employees. The main actions of Head of SHRM Juha Akras are to identify key HR areas where strategies can be implemented in the long run of progress the overall employee motivation and productivity. SHRM also describe about the companys internal strengths and weaknesses. This is very important as the strengths and weaknesses of a companys human resources that have a straight effect on the companys future. 1.2 The purpose of Strategic Human Resource Management activities of Nokia: SHRM has a unique purpose to meet the companys objectives. Different company has different strategy and SHRM plays a role to identify the overall need for the company to achieve the company goal. The SHRM activities are as follows for Nokia and it has a great purpose for companys future: 1.2.1Resource planning: Resources are very important and should accessible to get together present and potential business requirements in favour of business policy. Nokia Resource planning directed executive or global and part or narrow system which is done by SHRM of Nokia. Particularly, talented workers or real apprenticeship schemes must be used. 1.2.3 Workforce planning and recruiting: Workforce planning is the development of assessing a companys current and future human resources needs. Workforce planning also includes managing any training and recruitment process to make sure the organisation has the exact staff inexact place. Nokia work force planning has a great purpose to properly express one way to make a workforce receptive to cross functional, Cross-cultural teaming that can therefore make fast, high-quality decisions and increase the organizations flexibility. 1.2.4 Performance management: Nokia SHRM has a system to run employee performance. It ensures individual objectives are copied from company strategy and policies. This is for motivate Nokias employee. 1.2.5 Recruiting and exit procedures: Nokia SHRM makes sure the capable and qualified persons are appointed to open positions, according to real need. The dealers check the quality of candidates. SHRM provided with a work contract or offer letter, basic or specific training. SHRM shall ensure that exit procedures are acquiescent with local legislation, international labour law and appropriate collective agreements. 1.2.6 Nokia specific training and certification: Nokia SHRM has the essential guidance on Nokias organization and product marketing, if required any compulsory Id or certificates to be trained the community procedure of engaging multicultural, multi-country employees in generating and agreeing on a set of values and to search and get deeper considerate of the relationships between strategy, culture, values and business outcomes. 1.3. Contribution of Strategic Human Resource Management to the achievement of Nokias organizational objectives. To continue a strong, booming and well-organized atmosphere Nokia connects with its workforce in the core target to make an situation for all its workers anywhere they can fulfil their prospective. 1.3.1 Company growth: Nokia expands their business in regularly basis with new innovations and ideas. That is why Nokia needs lot of skill and experienced persons to meet their business growth. For example Nokias Research Development work was spread crosswise in 69 web and its 19,579 technical expertises to activate and build up their own facts. In these situations Human Resource played a vital role. It recruits them and trained  them in specific way to success in this project. Nokia is operating their business all over the world and so the human resource providing a socio cultural environment to its employee relationship and workplace. 1.3.2 Profit increasing: Every company is profit oriented. They want to increase their profit in every aspect. Nokia is also increasing profit very successfully by making new ideas implementations. Human resource has a effective involve to increase their profit by reducing labour cost and other activities. Human resources is the organization of resources other than natural resources and capital resources. 1.3.3 Satisfaction of Stakeholders: Human Resource of Nokia always try to satisfy its Stakeholders like its employees, investors, suppliers and others. It has an member of staff approval training and employee judgment assignment and can get achievement on the grades of the training. It makes sure that information related to employees such as industry performance, communicated crossways the society and ensure performance is evaluated fairly and independently.HR of Nokia provide to dealer forces at Nokia services. Task 2: Human Resources Planning: 2.1 Business factors of Coca-Cola that underpin human resource planning: Human resources are the people that work for an organisation, and Human Resource Management is concerned with how these people are managed. Though, the term of HRM has come to mean more than this because people are different from the other resources that work for an organisation. Coca-Cola Human Resource department involves in company strategic planning in various way. When it makes human resource plan there is involve company business factor and external environment factor. 2.1.1 Business Growth: Coca-Cola is a leading beverage company. It increases its business all over the world in every year in different way. So needs lot of staff to meet this incensement of business. Human resources planning takes its consideration forecasting future manpower requirements, where using arithmetical view to plan growth in the monetary situation and expansion of the business. 2.1.2Business Change: Coca cola change their business plan strategy sometimes very frequently in consideration of economic, market variation, competitor and other relative factors. Human resource of Coca-Cola also takes such consideration when it plans in a long term basis. 2.1.3 Impact of Technology: In every certain time all over the world modern technology is invented. Coca-Cola always takes it a challenge when they make a Human resource plan. HR is considered to its existence employee and recruits skilful employee to meet this challenge successfully. 2.1.4 Business Competition: There is a huge competition of all over the world. In this competition rivalry making efficient the organization is a real challenge. Coca-Cola Human resource plan think about this competition and make it organization to fit in this situation. 2.1.5 Labour Cost Control: Coca-Cola Human resource planning includes in a wide way about Labour cost control by maintain waste of time, proper use of materials. Its Human resource always approach training programme to its productions stuff to make difference and make them skilful as they can work fast and more easily. Not only its taking consideration for planning or developing its production stuff it also concentrates its: IT specialists. Engineers. Project Specialist Product designer Executives. Admin stuff Other variations should take for consideration   new legislations like new health requirements,  safety requirements, Changes in government policies   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  like tax tariff, labour demand and supply. 2.2 Human resource requirements in a given situation: According to the New York Times July, 2009 Coca-Cola market was slipped in U.S. market but Coca-Cola still the best carbonate cola. In this situation there was 60% market share was Coca-Cola. Generally its market share relay between 75%-85% in U.S market. In this situation Coca- Cola surveyed their market and find out the barrier and solved it by various planning implementation. Besides the other department Human Resource Management played a vital role to recover the market as well. In Such kind of situation Human Resource makes sure several things that are as follows: 2.2.1 Personal Requirement: HR will arrange the operation teams and then give exact point to its members. According to the size of industry and the involvedness of the operation, might also need to create sub teams. The following points provide options HR might consider in regard to managing some important issues: Let to know and familiar with the specific operations: . Special training is given to employees; new employees also are placed with old ones to learn work and the values prevalent in the company. 2.2.2 Workplace: They must provide sufficient working space to per employee. The temperature must be reasonable. The workplace must be adequately lit and where the work can be done seated seats must be provided. Human resource management makes sure promote an comprehensive atmosphere that inspire all workforce to build up and get to their complete possible, consistent with a promise of human rights in our place of work. 2.2.3 Organizing operation teams: SHRM will help to make a team of talent in safety way also serve up as influential of secondary teams. Team members have to have such skills that are valuable according to the requirements. 2.3 Development a human resources plan Coca-Cola: The Human Resource Plan should also be closely tied to strategic planning. In order to effectively meet their strategic goals and objectives, a world leading company, hire or develop staff with the required skills, knowledge and attitudes to perform the needed functions. The Human Resource Plan of Coca-Cola can be completed in six steps: 2.3.1 Step 1: Setup a big picture: The main purpose of the first step is to bring the group to realize the meaning of and the need for a business strategy and agenda of Coca-Cola. To understand the business strategy the specific department executives will run a workshop and it can be two days workshop. In this two-day workshop the business unit executive reviews business strategy in any issues to impact the business. HR highlights the key driving forces of business such as Technology, distribution, competition, the markets etc and also the implications of the driving forces for the people side of business the fundamental people contribution to bottom line business performance. 2.3.2Step 2: Develop a Mission Statement or Statement of Intent: This come up to human resources planning mirrors the section in business plan of Coca-Cola dedicated to clearing up why your company exists and what value it presents. Human resources planning will be based on your organizations mission statement, goals and objectives because your workforce will be in alignment with the company values. 2.3.3 Step 3: Conduct a SWOT analysis of the organization: This analysis will looks at the internal environment of company. By this analysis the human resource will find out what is Coca-Colas present strengths and what is weakness as well as current in future opportunity and threats to know the whether they able to achieve with the current human resources. SWOT analysis will ensure the clear image about the organisation resources such as capital worker. 2.3.4Step 4: Develop consequences and solutions; Human resource will amalgamate all essential for meeting the company objectives. It will take steps for developing the Human Resource Plan as below: Teamwork of staff to lower levels to the management level should be developed to support in various ways that able to consider necessary in things to build up communication and promote better relationship among all level of employee. The management should emphasize on good quality of corporate culture to build up employees and make a positive and favourable work environment. The reasonable and complete process of human resource management is Performance appraisal. Through the performance evaluation HRM can collect and proves basics for recruiting and selecting new staff and can give training to its existing staff to develop their skill. It is motivate and maintain a work force by satisfactorily and correctly rewarding their dedications. Human Resources Management will defiantly fall down without a dependable performance evaluation system. 2.3.5 Step 5: Implementation and evaluation of the action plans: Developing a human resource strategys main purpose is to make sure that the objectives set are similarly helpful so that the reward and payment systems are incorporated with employee training and career development plans. 2.4 Evaluation of how a human resources plan can contribute to meet Coca-Colas objectives: Human Resource Plan has a great value to achieve of an organisations overall strategic objectives and it is clearly explain that the human resources role completely understands and supports the route in which the organisation is touching. A complete HR plan will also support other exact strategic objectives undertaken by the marketing, financial, functioning and technology departments. Generally Coca-Cola evaluates its HR plan in various ways which are below: It has the exact people in exact place. It has the accurate combination of skills. Employees show their correct attitudes and behaviours. Employees are organized in a effective way. Coca-Cola take decision a HR strategy plan can attach importance to the organisation if it has the values which are below: Some more clear of the common things which recline at the back the success of other plans and strategies which didnt show previously. Recognize basic an essential issue which has to be addressed to its people as the are motivated more dedicated and work successfully. The next area should be including: Workforce planning issues Making plan successful. Workforce skills campaign. Employment justice plans. Motivation and reasonable behaviour issues. Recruitment design in compensate levels, retain and motivate people A reasonable grading and payment system which is serving proper incentive for dedications. A constant performance management structure which is considered to assemble the requirements of all sectors of the business including its people. Furthermore, the HR strategy of Coca-Cola can put in worth is by making sure that, in all its other plans takes its version of and plans for changes in the bigger environment, those are likely to have a major impact such as: Changes in the in general service marketplace. Development of the member of staff relations weather is need. Changes the legal framework which surrounding employment. 3.1 Explanation the purpose of human resource management policies of Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola believes in delivering better performance requirements better capabilities. So its HR policy is planned in procession with this approach and stand on attracting and retaining the brilliant people and developing them constantly. Employees development is the main issues for human resource management. It constantly educated on How to Develop People. Employees, business objectives and ability levels are followed up by the performance management.   Reward system and career management systems are considered on job family model. As a fraction of career management system, internal appointment procedure is used so as to grant them career and job upgrading opportunities. In 2007 there are 97 placement have been filled through internal assignments. Winning and potential employees are reviewed efficiently and exclusively. Talent re-evaluate meetings are planned for next steps with individualized development programs. 3.2 Analysing the impact of regulatory requirements on human resource policies of Coca-Cola: The HR policies can help an organization both internally and externally. It meets requirements for diversity, ethics and training as well as its commitments in relative to instruction and commercial governance. The HR policy of Coca-cola establishes a cultural diversity. HR policies also played a very effective at supporting and building the desired organizational culture. These are lots of system and that actually beneficiary from a company as well as from employee. All around the world, Coca-cola makes sure with 27000 of Expatriates that they be given the kind of correspondence and ongoing support that makes their replacement a positive experience. Coca-Cola team Management with all policies for international mobility with a long term basis. Coca-cola accepted such kind of policies about its internal environment that make sure that they are flexible, smart and complete enough on the way to contract with the large range of needs and issues that is very essential to run a business successfully. Task 3: Reviewing Human Resource Management 4.1 The impact of an organisational structure on the management of human resources: There is a significant impact of HRM of Tesco on organizational structures to get nearer into sight organization in a effective way. The fundamental decision-making scheme was unsuccessful to react quickly to managers desires and concerns. So, Tesco taking place scrapping conservative, hierarchical professional structures in act of kindness of compliment, decentralized management systems. Then smaller number managers were concerned in the decision-making process and companies were adopting more of a team advance to management. HRM professionals, as the management change and were charged with reorganizing workers and escalating their effectiveness. This hard work also resulted in the detonation of part-time, or contract, employees, which necessary human resource strategies that contrasted with those applicable to full time workers. 4.2 Analysing the impact of an organisational culture on the management of human resources: Organizational culture and environment factors are such kind of factor where an organization exist determines the way of managing the organization (Saffold, 1988:547). The connection between organizational culture and human resources practices can be say as follows. When the member of organization i.e. employees, understand and internalized the organzational culture which can be said as the way things are done around here it will enable for employee to choose strategy, and behavior that fit with their personality as well as with the main routines of organization activities. Since Indonesia is belong to country with high power distance and low uncertainty avoidance, it is likely that organizational culture that fit with this condition is parochial type. Parochial culture is characterized by the tendecy to give much attention to some factor such as family relationship, social relation, and personal backgroud, and less attention to capability and competency needed to perform the task. The main power is on the one hand, a powerful person such as the owner or the founder of the company, where the destiny of an employee depends on the hand of the most powerfull person (the boss). There is a division of work, the boss is the planner, the other are the doer. In the high power distance society, good leader or good manager in the eye of the employees, is someone who can act like a good father (Hofstede, 1997). This type of relationship will lead to less participative management in decision making. 4.3 The effectiveness of human resources management is monitored at Tesco: The central point on HR for developing the employees through constant teaching is essential to the achievement of the business; it would amount to a waste of resources. As the UKs largest merchant crossways 14 countries consists of 470,000 members of staff. 4.3.1 Value: These apply together to consumers and employees, and for the latter focus on teamwork, trust and respect, listening, supporting and saying thank you, and sharing knowledge and experience. 4.3.2 Support: Tesco can claim a perpetual support from the employees even though the company faces a dispute concerning the distraction that includes financial services. The company also stretched internationally and economic downturn is enough to keep the companys values. 4.3.3 Growth: The Tescos HR functions are extremely entrenched. They are doing type to both short-term and longer term growth. The company is created 11,000 new jobs in 2009 and they will target the long-term unemployed.   4.3.4 Meritocracy: Tesco boasts the best employee remuneration package in the food retail sector, with an award-winning pension scheme. Some 170,000 staff own shares or are members of share schemes, and there is discounted dental, health and life insurance on offer. 4.4 Justified recommendations to improve the effectiveness of human resources management in Tesco: 4.4.1 Composition of the audit team: There has to be a representative from the HR function and from among senior line managers if the effect has to have any credibility. 4.4.2Identify the functions main customers: It is important to review to measure that what customers main functions are. 4.4.3 Mission reports reconsider: This declaration explains the cause for the HR functions continuation, its principal actions and its most important values. 4.4.4 Reconsider the activities role in implementing the companys strategy: This is critical point to establishing the connection between HR policy and practices as well as the organizations overall business strategy. 4.4.5 Reconsider the HR policy and practices: The benefit of this approach is that line managers can go anywhere if they are not happy with the service they be given from the HR function within the organization. 4.4.6 Create domestic comparison to set up best practice: The organization have to make and continually keep posted a exclusive database of HR practices that gives an overview of developments within the worlds major organizations today. 4.4.7Review the outcome of analysis: Performance gaps have to be identified and the policy implications have to be discussed with the customer. The commitment for implementing the necessary improvements should be gained. 4.4.8 Apply the decided improvements: The metrics selected should be the decided on right indicators of the HR functions performance and evaluate the results with industry averages, competitors, best practice firms, and/or with set targets or previous performance ratings.

Great People :: miscellaneous

Great People Only great men are marked with great faults.† This quotation from â€Å"Maxims† was written by La Rochefoucauld. He states that people with nobility of their minds create many mistakes throughout their lives. This quotation is only partially correct, people do indeed have faults but it is these faults that restrict them from being great. Every person has done unpleasant acts that disassociate them from being a great person. Each day, people break society's norms or rules and most feel they have done nothing wrong. A man who has sex with the under aged girl has a justification for his actions. He tells himself that she knew what she was getting into even though he did actually rape her. Just as a man with his wife’s blood on his hands justifies that she deserved her punishment for not following his rules. Everyone breaks some form of laws through out the day. People who do not see themselves as criminals break laws, for instance the average speeder or traffic light runner. These people are in a hurry and do not want the hassle of stopping or slowing down instead they go on and have an accident. Each person has their own way of justifying their actions. Most people blame someone else for their own actions because to them they did nothing wrong. While others compare their actions to the actions of others who did a deed far worse than theirs. With this constant justification of our negative traits peoples' views of reality begin to become distorted and lost. With distortion of reality the whole society begins to shift into a greatless nation of sinners. Some people who are thought of being great discover inventions that injure or take others’ lives. For example Albert Einstein, he was the discoverer of atomic energy. This energy has been used to devastate entire cities and kill uncountable numbers of people. Atomic energy emits a massive amount of radiation that pollutes our air, water, and land leaving large areas inaccessible for years to come. Is this the work of a great individual? No, a great person would not create something that would be this destructive. Albert Einstein obviously did not know the full extent of his discovery. He did not take the time to completely research all the possibilities and consequences that came with his findings. So in other words the human race is still paying for his mistakes.

Comparing the American Dream in My Antonia, Neighbor Rosicky, and 0 Pio

The American Dream in My Antonia, Neighbor Rosicky, and 0 Pioneers!      Ã‚  Ã‚   While many American immigrant narratives concentrate on the culture shock that awaits those who arrive from the more rural Old World to live in a city for the first time, Willa Cather's immigrants, often coming from urban European settings, face the vast and empty land of the plains. Guy Reynolds notes that "the massive outburst of America westwards was in part powered by the explosion of immigrants through the eastern seaboard and across the continent. Ethnic diversity was at the heart of America's drive westwards" (63). The land and land ownership shape the lives of these newcomers in powerful ways, giving them an immigrant experience that is in some ways quite unique. In "Neighbor Rosicky," 0 Pioneers!, and My Antonia, Cather presents vivid characters and situations that serve to describe the urban-rural conflict in America, and as John H. Randall III notes, "'there is no doubt in the author's mind as to whether the country or city is the real America" (272).    In "Neighbor Rosicky", the notion of land ownership as a fundamental feature of the American Dream is most clearly set forth. Anton Rosicky is a Czech who experienced life as an immigrant both in London and New York City and found both lacking. Only in his life on the farm in Nebraska does he find peace and fulfillment.    Rosicky had been a tailor in the Old Country and had immigrated first to London, where he was miserable and poor. At age twenty he left London for New York, and for a time he was happy there, becoming "a good workman" (Cather, "'Neighbor Rosicky" 241) and experiencing the cultural life of the city, including opera and the ballet. As time goes on, however, he ... ...at owning land brings are a substantial part of the American Dream immigrants come to the United States hoping to achieve.    Works Cited Cather, Willa. My Antonia. New York: Quality Paperback Book Club, 1995. ---. "Neighbor Rosicky." Collected Stories. New York. Vintage Classics, 1992. 231-261 ---. 0 Pioneers. New York: Quality Paperback Book Club, 1995. McFarland, Dorothy Tuck. Willa Cather. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1972. Randall, III, John H. "Interpretation of My Antonia." Willa Cather and Her Critics. Ed. James Schroeter. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967. 272-322. Reynolds, Guy. Willa Cather in Context. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. Woodness, James. "Willa Cather: American Experience and European Tradition." The Art of Willa Cather. Ed. Bernice Slote and Virginia Faulkner. Lincoln: 1974. 43-64.   

Brains, Blood, Sweat, and Tears :: essays papers

Brains, Blood, Sweat, and Tears â€Å"You can accomplish anything with thought and hard work† – Justin Craig-Kuhn To overcome obstacles is human. When something stands in our way, it’s â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death!† in many cases. No matter how difficult a project may seem, hard work and determination will pull us through (or at least, that’s what we tell ourselves). In many cases, it turns out that we do pull through, beating the odds, feeling a great sense of accomplishment in the process. A case and point of this would be the technological and architectural marvels modern humanity has created. Indeed, this is exactly what is represented in these two works. Memorial Bridge seems to capture the essence of human effort. This nearly impressionistic piece depicts a scene in which workers are constructing a bridge in the foreground. Receding into the horizon is what looks to be a highly industrialized city (for 1932) , with smoke rising into the air from factory smokestacks. The fact that parts of this piece seem to be painted in an impasto fashion, coupled with the rather bland colors that make up the piece, leads to the idea of â€Å"slow but steady† movement. Indeed, when I look at this piece, I feel as though I am included in this group of workers, helping them to overcome the obstacle of constructing this bridge. If the background goes to show what this city has already accomplished, the foreground tells me that the work is still in progress. In fact, I am led to the idea that our work is â€Å"never done†; we continually strive for bigger and bigger challenges. Only our blood, sweat, and tears stand in the way of g reat material accomplishments. The second painting, by Peters, also represents the idea of human effort. The technique used to paint this picture seems to be very calculated, but simple, hinting that this tectonic painting is about the mind. The huge suspension bridge that is shown seems to disappear into the vastness of the blue sky, reminding me of the old saying â€Å"The sky’s the limit†, even though this no longer holds true (the picture’s point exactly!). This directly leads to the conclusion that this piece is about the abilities of the human mind to overcome problems. The suspension bridge was a rather new invention at the time this piece was painted, leading me to believe that Peters probably looked on this architectural giant as we would look at a space shuttle today (i.

Neoclassical Poetry Essay

Neoclassicism is the idea about art and literature that evolved during the 17th and 18th century greatly affected by classical tradition. Changes in culture and consciousness influenced this period. Crucially, the Neoclassical Age, also known as The Age of Reason English Literature, can be classified into The Restoration Age (1660-1700), The Augustan Age or The Age of Pope (1700-1745), The Age of Johnson or The Age of Sensibility (1745-1785). Among these, Milton had a predominant influence over the Restoration Age. His important contributions during this period were Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Neoclassical poetry as such, did not have any concerted body of principles and methodology. The prominent writers shared a common view based on their response to the various ancients. They concurred regarding the concision, elegance and wit of their classical forerunners. Their poetry matched the intelligence of Horace’s Verse, beset energy of Juvenal’s Satire and the heroic raise of Homer’s Epic. Their theory of literature was shaped by a composite classical influence and which Aristotle and Horace stood out. According to the neoclassical critics, the overall meaning conveyed by any work should be the principle by which all its aspects should be assessed. Literature works of this age were judged by the impact it created and the poet was advised to adapt particular instruction and pleasure he wished to give the readers. Milton was the poet of steadfast will and purpose, who moved like a god amidst the fears, hopes and changing impulse of the world ignoring them as insignificant things, which can deviate progression of one’s purpose. This attitude made him a successful Restoration poet. â€Å"His writings were greatly influenced by the Restoration Age. He shows himself the Puritan that he was by birth and upbringing; but nurtured on the classics made popular by Renaissance, he refused to surrender his ’better judge-ment’ to sheer faith and loved secular pleasures no less ,if they added to the richness of life: intellectual liberty, art, literature ,science, philosophy ,and the pagan mythology of ancient Greece and Rome. These twin influences vie with each other in all that he wrote†. (Prasad, P. 42) Paradise Lost gave an unforgettable recognition to Milton in the history of English literature. The poem was a great one due to its completeness and the visual immediacy imagined by Milton. As a long poem, it is a monumental achievement, both intellectually as a work of the literary imagination and the powerful expanses of its verse, which, with the strength of classical precedents behind it, proved inimitable. The modern reader can take in two facts from Paradise Lost, a thorough familiarity of first few chapters of scripture the general principles that constitute the Calvinistic theology. However, it is a letdown if we try to use the poem to teach a literal acceptance of one or the other. The underlying theology of Paradise Lost is overlooked. Nevertheless, the magnificence of the Puritan dream and the splendid melody of its expression, as depicted in the book, cannot be disregarded. A feeble reading of the text can make the reader to comprehend why it is compared with Divina Commedia of Dante. Though Milton has been criticized for mocking the present trend of science, the poem is realistic based on myth. The composition and notion of Paradise Lost had a mesmerizing effect which only Shakespeare, Dante and Homer were able to produce. It is clear that the epic does not have unrivaled excellence in its lyrics. It is inconsistent and ambiguous which are not that evident in the other prolific writers. However, due to his unique style it made an everlasting impression. Milton is a master of rhyme in his shorter poems and a master of blank verse in the longer ones. He undertakes a style, which reaches a great level in Paradise Lost. It expresses the loftiest thoughts in the loftiest manner. It is achieved by a preference for the uncommon in word and phrase, conciseness, suggestiveness in place of detail, restraint in the use of ornament, wealth of biblical and classical allusions. (Prasad, P.43) The purpose of Milton is equivalent to other great writers. He has given us a living, not literary, epic. It is the influence of the neoclassical age, due to which it was possible. Historically the age was one of tremendous conflict. The literature of the age is extremely diverse in character and the diversity mainly due to the breaking up of the ideals of the political and religious unity. Milton emerged as a successful poet due to the neoclassical features in Paradise Lost. Thus, the Neoclassical Age ended paving way for the various other ages in the history of English.

The Water Wars In Central Asia Environmental Sciences Essay

â€Å" Water promises to be to the twenty-first century what oil was to the twentieth century: the cherished trade good that determines the wealth of states † . The 20th century governed states with the kernel of industry – rough oil. Even today it is the focal point of international struggle, ordering a states ability to map in both planetary political relations and the planetary economic system. The 21st century promises to regulate states with the kernel of life – clean H2O. Driven by fickle conditions forms, intensive irrigation, and population force per unit areas, H2O is increasingly going a scarce trade good and is developing into a accelerator of international instability and struggle. An illustration of H2O ‘s ability to impact an country in the 21st century can be found in the Central Asian States, and the dehydration of the Aral Sea. The enlargement of irrigated agricultural land area and hydroelectric power, determined to be the root causes of the Aral Sea catastrophe, have continued due to miss of collaborative action by the freshly independent provinces of the part. The Amu Darya and the Syr Darya supply fresh water to the upstream provinces of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Southeastern Kazakhstan, and the downstream states Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. These states are going progressively competitory over H2O in the part, go forthing the dehydration of natural formations like the Aral Sea as an acceptable cost. The competition over H2O comes from the H2O intensive cotton harvest, which dominates the agribusiness in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. Cotton provides a important foreign currency earn er for the part and is a major supplier of employment, but demands big sums of H2O from the part, which the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers struggle to supply. The indiscriminate usage of H2O to fuel cotton production has been in pattern since the early 1960 ‘s and is doing terrible environmental jobs, such as the drying of the Aral Sea, clime alteration, H2O and dirt salt, and H2O, dirt and air pollution. Increasing poverty, quickly turning populations, and the pattern of â€Å" economic patriotism † alternatively of regional cooperation by the autocratic governments of part, are the ingredients for future tenseness, societal instability, and possible struggle in Central Asia. These developments will be interpreted in a political economic system model, going from the Soviet ‘s forced cotton production, which is analyzed in the 2nd subdivision of this paper. Water is an progressively scarce resource in the part that is under force per unit area stemming from economic involvements, such as hydroelectric coevals and agricultural production. The environmental involvements of biodiversity, bettering supports of the part ‘s population and the resurgence of the Aral Sea are underrepresented and hence unheard. The environmental debasement of the Aral Sea is examined in greater item in the 3rd subdivision of this paper. The dehydration of the Aral Sea has far making effects in the part, impacting the clime and biodiversity. Desert air currents can transport 1000000s of dozenss of contaminated sand and salt from the country that was one time the Aral Sea, and lodge them on agricultural land all over the part. The effects of these polluted sand and salt sedimentations are farther amplified by the hapless drainage systems and the eventful H2O logging, that have caused dirt salt to go an increasing environmental job. Rising salt degrees have cause the ecology of the part to degrade to the point where many countries are going inhospitable, due to the barbarous downward spiral fueled by poorness and environmental debasement. The concluding subdivision critics the institutional model behind the H2O direction of the part. Foregrounding the displacement from a centrally run allotment of H2O by the Ministries of Land Reclamation and Water Resources ( Minvodkhoz ) located in Moscow to more regionally located signifiers of H2O direction, following the prostration of the Soviet Union. Since so it has become imperative that upstream states like Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Southeastern Kazakhstan jointly allocate H2O resources with downstream states like Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. New establishments have been created to supervise this procedure as each twelvemonth, at the presidential degree ; understandings are negotiated to stipulate the sum of H2O allocated to each state. There has been small alteration at the micro-level except in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where Water Users ‘ Associations ( WUA ) have been established. In both Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, both major consumer s of H2O, the cardinal allotment and direction of H2O is still practiced in the absence of local reforms. The â€Å" usage it or lose it † rule, the result of the Soviet ‘s centrally planned H2O allotment patterns, are still in pattern due to the deficiency of countenances forestalling the abuse or inducements advancing the preservation of H2O. The continued ingestion of H2O at current degrees, coupled with the low efficiency ratios soon practiced, will take to increased degrees of dirt salt and the farther irreversible debasement of the Aral Sea basin. In a divided Central Asia stricken with a deteriorating environment, the scarceness of H2O has lead to increased tensenesss and may, given clip, lead to serious struggle. Many in the part believe that entree to H2O is â€Å" God-Given, † which contributes to the local authorities ‘s deficiency of concrete action against the current scarceness confronting the part, that is itself semisynthetic. Merely reduced and more efficient ingestion of H2O in Aral Sea basin supervised by efficient micro and macro-organizations, coupled with interregional cooperation, would be able to come on the part to a sustainable hereafter.The Soviet ‘s Management of WaterThe former Soviet Central Asia consists of chiefly steppes and comeuppances. This environment had traditionally limited the development of colonies and the attach toing agribusiness to oases, fed by rivers or belowground reservoirs known as aquifers. Soviet regulation changed all this, with forced collectivisation. Much of the traditional methods of sustainable cropping forms were forcibly altered to large-scale individual harvest methods that required a H2O direction substructure composed of surface irrigation systems. Regions like the Fergana Valley that were irrigated and specialized in cotton as a hard currency harvest, had a considerable comparative advantage over countries non bring forthing â€Å" white gold † . In the early 1960 ‘s Moscow took notice of this comparative advantage and began to make a quasi-monoculture, turning Cardinal Asia into a natural stuffs manufacturer for the fabric industries of the more cardinal Soviet Union. Cotton rapidly became the life-bread of the outer agriculturally based Soviet democracies, an indispensable trade good in their political economic systems. This patterned advance is illustrated by the province of Uzbekistan, which became one the largest cotton bring forthing states in the universe. The success or failure of cotton began to order the destiny of political elites in the Soviet Socialistic Republics ( SSRs ) , which lead to extended corruptness such as the over and underreporting of cotton production and the forced organisation of labou r to optimise cotton production. These corrupt patterns shortly became basiss of Uzbek, Tajik, and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republics ‘ economic systems and the agricultural industry of the part. As the production of cotton in the Central Asiatic part increased quickly, the demand for H2O became despairing, due to the clime ‘s agricultural inhospitality and demand for irrigation. Water, at the clip, seemed copiously supplied by the Amu Darya and Syr Darya and lead to the building of great canals like the KaraKum canal, stretching more than 1,100 kilometer from the Amu Darya to Turkmenistan. The cragged countries of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan are the get downing point for both rivers, which are mostly consumed by the agriculturally demanding countries of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. This division between upstream and downstream states and the resulting differential entree is one of the chief causes of tenseness refering H2O use in the part. The moneymaking enlargement of cotton land area, best illustrated by Uzbekistan, created a quickly increasing demand for agricultural irrigation, and began deviating mass measures of H2O to provide it. In Uzbekistan cotton ‘s enlargement was unprecedented, spread outing from an end product of 441,600 hectares in 1913, to 1,022,600 sunburns in 1940, to 1,427,900 sunburns in 1960, to every bit much as 2,103,000 sunburns in 1987. In Uzbekistan cotton became known as â€Å" King Cotton † , providing a antecedently bare state with an unprecedented hard currency harvest and provided employment to the bulk of its citizens. The Uzbek ‘s flourishing cotton industry had one fatal defect: it relied wholly on the handiness of H2O, in a part missing abundant H2O. The efficiency of H2O use was minimum due to a hapless substructure trusting on unlined and exposed canals, where escape is highly high, with the bulk of H2O either evaporating or oozing into the land. These inefficient H2O direction patterns lead to a diminishing sum of H2O really making the Aral Sea, and by the 1960 ‘s the sum of H2O making the Aral Sea began to dunk below the 50 kmA? to keep the sea degree at the clip. In the 30 old ages that followed ( 1960-1990 ) , the Aral Sea shank to merely half its original surface country. By the twelvemonth 2007 the Aral Sea had shrunk to merely ten per centum of its original size. The lay waste toing toll on the environment caused by the irresponsible, regulated, and irreguardless ingestion of H2O in the part, at this point can non be reversed, and has threatened to do the full part inhospitable due to the salinization of its dirt. Interestingly plenty the drying out of the Aral Sea did non halt or even decelerate during the decennary of passage from Soviet regulation. The freshly independent states were concerned with their ain single wellbeing, with a focal point on the employment and foreign currency cotton production brought, instead than that of the part as a whole. The states of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, were trapped politically to maintain cotton production changeless even when spread outing the production of other harvests. This was due to cotton ‘s incontestable value in the states ‘ economic systems, disenabling policy shapers from traveling to more sustainable resource direction even if they wanted to. The agricultural demand for H2O by the downstream states and the hydroelectric demand by upstream states, over the last 10 old ages, have non been contained. Agricultural H2O usage has remained more or less the same, even with a displacement to more diverse and sustainable harvests. Overall cropping forms for the Central Asiatic part was 40 % cotton and 7 % wheat in 1990, which shifted to 35 % cotton and 30 % wheat by 2000. This displacement resulted in no bead in H2O ingestion, even though wheat is a less water-intense harvest. This is due to the parts deficiency of efficient H2O conveyance substructure and H2O direction, show by the remarkably high demand for H2O, in comparing to other cotton bring forthing states. The deficiency of authorities financess to better substructure and educate citizens about efficient H2O direction could be blamed, but in all world the demand for a revival of self-sustainable agriculture patterns in the part is what is truly needed.Management & A ; Refo rmsAfter the prostration of the Soviet Union, the centralized and regionally focussed H2O direction tactics antecedently practiced were abandoned. New national and regional organisations were formed during the passage period after 1991. An understanding was reached during February of 1992 to organize the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination ( ICWC ) , comprised of the five freshly independent Central Asian states. This organisation was responsible for H2O allotment in the Aral Sea basin, but lacked the foresight to turn to jobs like H2O quality, salt, and the authorization to efficaciously pull off possible struggle state of affairss that could happen. In March of 1993 a subsequent understanding established organisations like the Interstate Council on the Aral Sea ( ICAS ) , moving as an consultative commission for the five provinces of the part. This lead to the formation of the International Fund for the Aral Sea ( IFAS ) in order to fund the assorted activities of ICAS, f ollowed by the constitution of a Sustainable Development Commission, concentrating on protecting the environment of the part and socioeconomic development. ICAS and IFAS were shortly merged to organize a new IFAS empowered by a board of deputy curates, giving the organisation comparatively more power. At the basin degree of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, H2O direction was delegated to single Water Basin Associations or Basseynoe Vodnoe Ob'edinenie ( BVOs ) . These organisations oversaw the H2O direction of basins that affected five freshly independent provinces, including the communicating substructure, pumping systems, canals, power supply, and distribution systems from the several rivers beginning to its basin on the Aral Sea. These BVOs did non nevertheless control drainage, as this duty fell to the national H2O governments. Dispite the bureaucratic muss that the complexnesss and sheer figure of bureaus that were created to cover with H2O direction in the part, organisations like the BVOs lacked the support of international jurisprudence, intending that understandings and resource direction put for the by these organisations could be ignored with no effect. This deficiency of authorization is farther illustrated by the absent acknowledgment by province legislative assemblies and the support duties, proportionate to H2O allotment portions, which merely two of five states on a regular basis complied with. The deficit of support besides hampered the ability of BVOs and similar organisations to map and even keep the basic substructure that they were founded to set up. Originally IFAS was to be financed yearly by allotments of one per centum of the five member states Gross National Product, this figure was reduced to 0.3 % for Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, and to 0.1 % for Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. These decreases in budget allotments were farther impeded by late payments and the deficiency of payment wholly, as some provinces concluded that the financess allocated for IFAS would be better utilized within their ain boundary lines. This meant that organisations like IFAS could non number on regular parts to fund direct operationa l costs or to fund larger substructure care, fix, and betterment doing the bing H2O direction construction to farther deteriorate.

Theme Analysis of Marriage: Jude the Obscure

Thomas Hardy, the author of Jude the Obscure, focuses on multiple themes throughout his book including social order and higher learning which is mainly seen in the first part of the book. Jude, a working class boy aiming to educate himself, dreams of a high level education at a university, but is pushed away by the cruel and rigid social order. In the second part of the book, Jude abandons his idea of entering Christminster and the focus shifts to Sue. The themes of love, marriage, freedom replace the earlier theme of education and idealism. Hardy pushes each of these themes to his audience and challenges everyday ideology by his audacious story about Jude Hawley. Hardy begins an argument against the institution of marriage, but he does not necessarily suggest that marriage is automatically bad; he just makes it clear that he believes people should be able to step away from a marriage if things do get dire. He also makes it clear that marriage is not necessarily linked to love in any way, so it's obvious that a decent, understanding society would accept Jude and Sue's relationship because they truly love each other, regardless of whether they are married or not. Hardy tends to view marriage with cynicism, and there are many disapproving comments about the nature of marriage being based on contracts. Hardy was conscious that women were not treated equally in society, and that the laws of nature were often heavily weighed against women. He treats the subject with sympathy and understanding. He also illustrates that marriage could victimize both men and women. There are no happy marriages or content couples seen in the book. Jude, when married to Arabella, feels trapped in a hopeless situation. Marriage is compared to being â€Å"caught in a gin, which would cripple him if not her also for the rest of a lifetime,† (43). However, Jude is partly aware even before the marriage that Arabella is the wrong type of woman for him. He recognizes that there is something in her â€Å"quite antipathetic to that side of him which had been occupied with literary study and the magnificent Christminster dream. It had been no vestal who chose that missile for opening her attack on him,† (27). A few chapters later, the reader is told, â€Å"he knew too well in the secret center of his brain that Arabella was not worth a great deal as a specimen of womankind,† (39). Naive and trusting, he does the honorable thing and marries her. But he has married the wrong woman, and the marriage is bound to be a disaster. Sue's marriage to Phillotson is another example of a disastrous marriage of rashness and thoughtlessness. Jude suspects that Sue has married Phillotson as a reaction to his own marriage, a kind of retaliation, a way of â€Å"asserting her own independence from him,† (129). She does not realize the enormity of the step she has taken, and after the ceremony, there is a â€Å"frightened look in her eyes,† as if she has only just become aware of the rashness of her decision. Barely a month later she admits, â€Å"perhaps I ought not to have married† (142). Sue is the loudest critic of matrimony in the novel. She makes sarcastic comments on the custom of giving away the bride, â€Å"like a she-ass or she-goat or any other domestic animal† (126). When her marriage is in trouble, she criticizes the institution, explaining the difficulty she experiences fitting into the conventional mold which society demands. The nineteenth century tradition of the subjection of women to fathers and husbands is reflected in Gillingham's advice to Phillotson to be firm with Sue until she has knuckled under. Hardy makes it clear, however, that it is the man here who is victimized in this marriage; Phillotson is far from being a cruel, tyrannical husband. Instead, he is an extremely patient and liberal husband. Sue's views on marriage should not necessarily be connected with Hardy's. Hardy himself points out her emotional inconsistency, and there are several signs that she is not really cut out for marriage. In Part V, both Jude's and Sue's divorces come through, but Sue avoids their possible marriage. She calls marriage a â€Å"sordid contract† and a â€Å"hopelessly vulgar† institution, and she fears that an â€Å"iron contract should extinguish† all tenderness between them, reinforcing Hardy’s negative view of the nature of marriage. Most of Sue’s views on marriage are given in parts V and VI. She feels that the contractual nature of it will kill all impulse and romance; â€Å"it is foreign to a man's nature to go on loving a person when he is told that he must and shall be a person's lover,† (193). The visit to the unclean registry office in part V, chapter 4 is horrifying for her, and she shows abhorrence to the ordinary church wedding. She sees it in terms of a sacrifice of the bride: â€Å"the flowers in the bride's hand are sadly like the garland which decked the heifers of sacrifice in olden times,† (215). Sue's views on marriage are rather extreme, and they represent a push away from the norms of marriage. Hardy also raises some valid arguments of the overly rigid attitude of society towards the unmarried and the unconventional. Phillotson's humanity and charity in letting Sue go scandalizes the school authorities, and his career is ruined. A kind, decent man who was only trying to be fair is scorned by society's intolerance. Sue and Jude also became the subject of cruel gossip at Aldbrickham: the neighbors ignore them, Little Father Time is taunted at school, Jude loses his job, and the family is forced into a nomadic existence. Hardy is pushing the fact that society is vindictive and intolerant of those who deviate from its normal codes of living and marriage. Hardy repeatedly emphasizes that marriage involves making a commitment that many people are emotionally unfit to fulfill, and this thought comes from the narrator, but it is also expressed by Sue, Jude, Phillotson, and Widow Edlin through the whole novel. Although the custom of marriage is such a central theme pressed by Hardy, he conflicts against other conventions in his society like education and social class which ultimately show a huge theme of fighting against the norm.