The Nuiances of Da Vinci Code Book Review Samples Essay

The Nuiances of Da Vinci Code Book Review Samples Essay There are in reality millions of them. Future work to complete the whole is also in danger of delivering less than optimal price, in the event the comprehension of value changes during an incremental build. An orderly work surface is not as distracting. A small door leads into a superb garden. The Word file provides unlimited customizing options so you can teach in the most effective manner possible. For each column we could use distinct arrays but it's a little tedious. It shuffles the total dataset uniformly. They nearly always require a considerable reaction. If something changes during the build, all your work to date is in danger. The group that's on right-hand side is distinguished by greater reserve. You're able to color code your activities if you desire, using different colored stickies for various lists. If you include instructions about how to locate them in your final will, perhaps you can alter the world even after you're no longer here. The end result is a novel simpler to read, entertaining but with plenty of cultural and historical info and sparks for more research on the reader's part. Be certain to take a look at the Bonus Game where you stand before disguised individuals to pick a secret prize. In the event the answer is Yes' then there must be certain rule and requires source and a few media to communicate. Students need to have a full comprehension of the unit material as a way to answer these questions. Alice finds them confusing since they ask riddles to which there is not any answer and pretend there is no room for her whereas there is. Although Brown claims that the book is full of truths, the individuals must bear in mind this claim is contained in the initial paragraphs of a fiction book. In an additional citation of Arthurian legend, a parenthetic reference was designed to the vessel that is there known as the Holy Grail. The Bible has all of the answers. Quite simply, it's fun in the way that you desire a detective novel to be. Among the themes in the movie is the person of Jesus that is a controversial issue in the Islamic faith. Author of many mathematics treaties, in addition, he wrote novels. The novel has many parallel plot lines involving the numerous characters. The Lost Secret of Da Vinci Code Book Review Samples Essay No additional comment on the grail is provided. You must work twice as difficult to compare two things because you've got to be well-informed about every one of them. The book proved to be a RIDDLE MYSTERY. In Disco's painting, it's observed there are a good deal of knives present on the table. On the other hand, the game would be worth the candle. An individual can watch a documentary within a couple hours. The very first is quite an excellent suspense thriller. The very first is the fact that it is really enjoyable to read. The True Meaning of Da Vinci Code Book Review Samples Essay Nonetheless, the artist was apparently vulnerable to the effect of the classic Romanesque art. It can exaggerate or misrepresent religion depending on how it is created. These art essay topics aren't that easy. In such a way, mild lines add to the domination of round form and the overall kind of the sculpture is comparatively easy but conveys the internal magnificence of the Virgin and her Child. On the flip side, the number four plays a vital role in the classical art (for instance, the four virtues of Plato). If your comprehension of value changes, it's still true that you retain your captured value, and you may also adjust your future activities to accommodate your new comprehension. The constant shift in atmosphere permits the reader to examine the situation from both perspectives but around exactly the same time. Whispered Da Vinci Code Book Review Samples Essay Secrets The burning of books, for example, has for ages been used to send a potent political message. Furthermore, the book is broken up into episodes and stories. It was one of the most intriguing books I have read thus far. As stated previously, there are a number of other fictional history books out there on the mark et today. Periodic homework assignments and quizzes are a terrific approach to encourage students to remain in addition to their assigned reading. You simply have to look closer to obtain some excellent art essay ideas. Reading example essays works precisely the same way! The exact same happens if we are looking for art essay ideas. Even though it's a work of fiction. The story is told from her viewpoint, her inner thoughts use up a great part of the book. These stories will someday develop into part of the working software. There's more to this story, obviously.

Gender Differences Of Gender And Social Behavior - 2092 Words

Gender Differences There are various differences between genders; physiologically, psychologically, etc. Leaper (1991) conducted a study that examined age, gender, and partner differences. The experiment consisted of 138 participants, median age of 5 and 7 years old. Leaper recorded and quantified speech acts into four categories; collaborative (affiliate involvement and direct influence), controlling (distancing involvement and direct influence), obliging (affiliate involvement and non-direct influence), and withdrawing (distancing involvement and non-direct influence). He found that communication patterns between both genders were similar at the early childhood versus middle childhood. Leaper s findings showed that gender differences progressed through time and communication patterns changed as the child grew. Developmental and contextual accounts of gender and social behavior cause these gender differences. In similar studies, researchers have argued that there are gender differences in communication styles (Tannen, 1990). Michaud and Warner (1997) conducted a study to expand on this topic. A survey of self-reported responses, were administered to a total of 384 individuals, ranging from 14 to 79 years old; the majority of the participants were Caucasian college students. This study supported Tannen s predictions; the results showed that there are significant statistical differences. The differences in gender were statistically significant, however, the effect sizesShow MoreRelatedGender Differences Within Social Development1747 Words   |  7 Pagesthe reader of the gender differences through social development. Depending on a child’s gender, things such as gender identity and social acceptance have a great impact in their development. The first thing parents learned about their children before birth is the sex of the baby. This highlights the importance of sex and gender. Sex differences have long been a very important topic in psychology and in understanding why gender differences affect social development. Social learning theory helpsRead MoreCommunication Is The Key Component Of Social Behavior1697 Words   |  7 Pagesmisconception that a person’s behavior differs based on their sex, when in fact it is based more so on their gender. To start off, look at the difference between sex and gender: â€Å"Sex refers to the biological categories of female and male categories distinguished by genes, chromosomes, and hormones,† â€Å"Gender refers to the social categories of male and female (Helgeson, 2016, p. 3).† With that said, the differences in social behavior are due to a person’s gender, not sex. Social behavior pertains to numerousRead MoreChildren Relational Aggression : Effect Of Children Aggressive On Peers Interaction And Gender Differences1579 Words   |  7 PagesInteraction†¨and the Gender Differences in t he expression of aggression Nada El Masri Sacramento State University The Effect of Children Aggression on Peers Interaction And Gender Differences In the expression of aggression Relationships with peers have significant importance in the lives of very young children by allowing them to experiment with roles and relationships and develop social cognitive and behavioralRead MoreGender Roles In Modern Society728 Words   |  3 PagesGender is an integral part of social practices of human interaction. It influences on all aspects of a persons life such as self-assertion and self-development, family, work, school, etc. Through the gender lens a person perceives any kind of information and passes it to the surrounding world by using a gender display. The process of gender socialization and the content of gender stereotypes has great importance not only for the life of an individual, but also for the progressive development ofRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Strategies And Views Of Katha Pollitt And Aaron Devor1148 Words   |  5 Pagesdefine roles of genders in a society will be discussed. The central idea of the paper is that gender has specific roles which are defined through their innate characteristics and social constructs. Since the start of feminist movements, a debate has arised on the behaviors and roles of genders. Feminist movements were purposed to achieve, the rights of women based on their roles equal to men in the society. Which led to debate over differences between abilities and preferences of gender that are theRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesusually very identified with the particular gender that we happen to be a member of.† This quote by Andrew Cohen explains partially how gender identity develops, through the conditioning of our environments. The most influential factor of gender development, however, is still a very controversial issue. An analysis of the gender identification process reveals two main arguments in what factor most greatly contributes to gender development: biology differences (nature) or the environment (nurture). TheRead MoreDemographic Forms Customarily Request The Gender Or Sex Of The Individual Completing The Form867 Words   |  4 PagesDemographic forms customarily request the gender or sex of the individual completing the form. Many of these demographic forms use the terms gender and sex interchangeably when referring to the categories of male and female. Michael Kimmel clarifies that â€Å"sex† refers to the biological male and female criteria of chromosomes, chemical organization, and genitalia while â€Å"gender† refers to the differences and expectations associated with each sex (Kimmel, 2013, p. 3). Differential socialization is theRead MoreGender Differences Between Sexuality And Gender888 Words   |  4 PagesIn sociology, we make a general distinction between sexuality and gender. Sex is the biological trait that we use to determine whether or not a person is a male or a female, whether it be through chromosomes, genitalia, or some other kind of visual physical d escription. When society talks about the obvious differences between men and women, they are often drawing on sex rather than gender, which is now an understanding of how society helps to shape our new understanding of these biological categoriesRead MoreHow Men and Women Are Perceived According to Their Gender844 Words   |  3 Pagessocietal differences occur based on ones gender and have been shaped over hundreds of years and have shown what is deemed acceptable for one gender is not always acceptable for the other. Our society is based on a gender social structure and what is appropriate for an individual. Promiscuous behavior and active sexual expression ranges from whats expected of an individual and can change based on their gender, age and socio-economic status. The evolutionary theories explain biological differences in sexualRead MoreGender And Gender Identity1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn light of performativity, political transformation via hegemonic cultural practices c ontinues to advocate for gender parody. Overall, the recent exploration of alterity ethics complements performativity politics by exploiting the subversive potential of gender identity as well as female identity. For the oppressed individuals, power should be subverted via political strategy guided by the consequences and punishment with the objective of maximizing the good in the society. In other words, performativity

The Novel in Africa free essay sample

John Maxwell Cottage is a South African essayist, novelist , linguist, literary critic and translator. He has also won the Noble prize in the Literature category. The following lecture The Novel in Africa was given by him in the University of California in Doreen B. Townsend Center for the Humanities. This lecture is a affectionately creation offs. M -Cottage, which upholds his belief that, A true sense in which writing is dialog; a matter of awakening counter voices in oneself and embarking on speech with them. The two central characters in this lecture, namely Elizabeth Costello a middle aged Australian lady novelist and Emmanuel Egged are therefore the two counter voices in this piece which is both a lecture as well as a segment in a short Story, with a surprise element at the end Of it. Elisabeth gives a speech on how the novel has no future while Emmanuel gives a very passionate speech on how novel in Africa is a part of not the written tradition but of the oral tradition. These two topics themselves show how different these two people are in their thoughts and beliefs, and how differently they view the world around them. They both meet each other on board the S. S Northern Lights, which was going to sail from Christopher to Ross Ice Shelf and then to Cape town. They both are there on the ship as a part of the education and entertainment staff. Elizabeth gives a speech which has its title as The Future of the Novel.She begins her lecture by trying to shock her listeners by telling them that she is really not interested in the future of the novel as it does not exist as The future is, after all, only a structure of hopes and expectations. It resides in the mind , it has no reality. For her past is way more concrete than the future as the mankind has been able to weave together all the individual appending into one concrete story and presented it to itself. Whereas as the future is concerned it is still something that has not happened and in sketching the past one has finished all its reserve of energy. So according to her the traditional novel is a way of trying to understand and explore the power of the past to create a present and then from there to create a future of an individual or individual. However even while she is giving this lecture she feels she is no longer convinced by what she is saying and this lack on conviction has seeped into her speech to.However she continues to give the speech as it is something hat needs to be done. Emmanuel then begins his speech The Novel in Africa by pointing out to three things. Firstly that alphabet was introduced in the continent by the westerners and that writing in Africa is a very recent happening. Secondly that the novel reading is not a typical African time pass and that due to being a third world country and poverty stricken Africans can not afford to buy a novel and read it because i t gives nothing concrete in return to the African. Emmanuel then goes on to highlight the problem of the writers in Africa, and how hard it is for an African novelist to remain true to is or her own essence when there are hardly any publishers in the country to support him in his endeavor to write something worthwhile and when he has to go to aboard to earn a living where people come with their own idea of what Africa and how one should write or portray it in literature.Thus an African writer has to bow down and concede to whatever is expected of him, thus the situation is He teaches in colleges in America, telling the youth of America about the exotic subject on which he is an expert in the same way that an elephant is an expert on elephants-.. . We are then shown how African writers are truly different from the others by Emmanuel when he quotes the reply of Sheikh Humidor, where he says a very important line that, A French or English writer has thousands of years of written tradition[behind the contrary] are heirs to an oral trad ition. According to Emmanuel African writers are different because they have not lost touch from their bodies. They are able to beautifully replicate their sensual experience which is because a true African novel is truly an oral novel. For Emmanuel the African novel is the critique of the western novel. Or we can say that it is oral versus the written novel.When a woman asks him about Amos Outlaw, and why was he not respected by his fellow Nigerian and was he the correct example of an oral writer that Emmanuel had in his mind? He says yes and the reason why Amos was not respected by his fellow Nigerian was because they did not want the world to think that they were illiterates who did not know how to write English because Outlaw being true to the oral tradition, wrote the way he spoke and felt and thus his writings were packaged of to the west as something exotic.He ends his speech with preference to Ben Okra asking people to read him as he negotiates the contradictions of being himself for his readers, and ends his talk before it became to heavy. When Emmanuel is suggested by Shirley to compose straight on to tape, he replies that it is a good idea but it will not solve the problem of the whole of Africa, as the Africans wanted a more living presence than just sitting in front of a tape and listening to a long monotonous verbal rendering.Elisabeth says then there will never be any solution to the problem of novel in Africa if the Africans wanted a living voice. The main problem aced by them was because the African writers unlike the French and the English were not acting as writers but were actually behaving like interpreters of their exotic cultures and that the root of their problem was Having to perform your Fricassees at the same time as you write. And that the Africans should learn from the Australians who faced a similar problems but got out of it when they considered themselves to be mature enough to handle and market their own writer ship. Elisabeth personal opinion is that people like Emmanuel and his friends will go on ranting about the African evolve, which according to her is a very muddled business, as long as it gets them a living and that Emmanuel is extinctions himself only to make money and nothing else and to enjoy the additional perks which come with the territory.So according to Elisabeth, Emmanuel is no longer a fellow writer but a fellow entertainer. Thus we see how J. M. Cottage successfully shows the future of the novel in Africa and its problems with the two conflicting characters of Elizabeth Costello and Emmanuel Egged and as according to a critic typically produces irritation or discomfort in a reader.

Jetblue Ipo Essay Example

Jetblue Ipo Paper JetBlue Airlines, a low-fare commercial airline, has planned to go public towards the end of 2001. During the process the firm had restructured their initial price from $22- 24 per share to $26 – 28 per share. Advantages / Disadvantages of the IPO Decision There are considerable advantages with obtaining equity through the IPO process. There are, however, some drawbacks that also need to be taken into consideration. Some of the advantages and disadvantages are: Advantages| Disadvantages| Equity value is established for the firm * Current shareholders can diversify personal portfolios| * SEC requires public disclosure of financial information (transparency) * IPO expenses| * Liquidity of stock increases| * Owner restricted to immediate cash-out| * Easier to raise capital in the future| * Sharing of future earnings with outsiders| | * Legal liability| Exhibit A in the appendix outlines some additional key advantages and disadvantages of going public through the IPO process. IPO Valuation Techniques Deriving a value for an IPO is the critical part of the process. In both fixed price and book building offers some form of initial price must be determined by the investment bank. Key methods are used to determine the value of a company and thus the initial IPO price includes: * Discounting Methods: based on a firms intrinsic value (future cash flows) * Comparable Multiples Method: value based on similar publicly traded companies Using information from the case we perceived the IPO pricing of $24-26 was determined by using the comparable multiples approach. Therefore, we will use the discounted cash flows method to determine an introductory price and evaluate whether it is in-line with the current proposed price. Exhibit B provides a description of each method. Discounted Cash Flow Recommendation It is our recommendation for the firm to set the price range for the IPO at the adjusted rate of $26 to 28. Although more value is achievable through a higher price, the lower range will meet the needs of the firm, maintain interest in the share, and possibly give large returns to the investors right away. Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public through the IPO Process Advantages The partners can obtain a true value of the shares they possess in the company * Partners can remove their signatures from the lines of credit and thus, are no longer personally liable to the creditors * The overall financial condition of a company is improved as it brings in non-refundable money * A broader capital base gives the company more access to credit whi ch gives the company an option to venture into new business opportunities * Capital raised in an IPO can be used to pay off debt and thus reduce the interest costs and enhance the company’s debt to equity ratio * The value of the stock may see an upward trend thus increasing the initial investor’s financial wealth * When a company goes public, it attracts the attention of the media and financial community thus providing free publicity and helps in creating a better corporate image * By going public and listing on a stock exchange it can directly foster public reputation in general Disadvantages The market is extremely unpredictable and an unsuccessful IPO can result in a great loss of time as well as money for the company * The ownership of the partners is dissolved and they become mere employees who are responsible to the shareholders and Board of Directors * Continuous dealing with shareholders and the press is a time-consuming process * Shareholders judge the perfor mance of the company on the basis of the profits and stock price and may cause managers to overlook the long-term strategic objectives * The company needs to make nation-wide presentations about its performance to the interested shareholders, brokers and the investment bankers * The company’s continued success may bring a lot of close scrutiny by the public * Large amounts of fees and expenses are associated with a public company on a continual basis commissions, advertising costs, securities exchange fees etc. Exhibit B: IPO Valuation Techniques Discounting Methods Theoretically, the price of a share is derived by discounting all future cash flows that accrue to shareholders. These techniques are used throughout industry; however, they do suffer in practical application due to the risk associated with forecasting both revenue and expenses (Draho, 2004). The two most frequently used discounting methods include the discounted free cash flows (DCF) and a residual income model (RIM). * Discounted Free Cash Flows Free cash flows are defined as the cash flows from operations after investment in working capital and any capital expenditures. We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These cash flows are considered more appropriate than accounting earnings which include non cash items such as depreciation that cannot be used to pay shareholders. Cash flows are used to pay dividends and thus capture true value for the investor. These cash flows are then discounted using a risk adjusted rate. The rate is estimated either by using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) for a 100% equity company or by calculating the weighted average cost of capital of the firm’s debt and equity (Geddes, 2003). * Residual Income Model The DCF model requires accounting earnings to be converted to cash flows. This is considered inappropriate as accounting values do not take into consideration the time value of money and may be subject to manipulation by way of accounting methods. The RIM is similar to the DCF method in that both methods use a risk adjusted discount rate. The RIM model, however, utilizes the difference between the realized earnings and the expected earnings, where the expected earnings is the cost of equity multiplied by the start of period equity book value (Draho, 2004). Comparable Multiples This is the most common method used by investment banks to value IPO’s. Its fundamental approach is the comparison of ratios of companies that operate in similar businesses that possess the same characteristics of risk, current and future profitability and growth prospects. There are number of ratios that can be used under this method, the most common being: * Price/Earnings multiples * Price/EBIT Market value/Book value * Price/sales The successful application of this method lies in choosing an appropriate comparison company. One method used by practitioners is to select up to 10 company’s operating within the same industry and to use the group’s median multiple to value the issuer. The second and most common method is to select 3-4 companies that are direct competitors within the particular industry to the issuer. The third method is to use multiples of firms that have recently gone public assuming all issuers share common valuation multiples. The comparable multiples method is a popular method to value an IPO due to its simplicity and accuracy. With the use of multiples there is no need to estimate the cost of capital, neither is there a need to depend on forecasted earnings and assumptions of valuation models. The use of multiples is supported by the assumption that relevant ratios capture the markets estimate of risk and growth. References Bruner, R. F. , Eades, K. M. , Schill, M. J. (2010). Case Studies in Finance: Managing for Corporate Value Creation. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Damodaran, Aswath. Damodaran Online: Home Page for Aswath Damodaran. Welcome to Pages at the Stern School of Business, New York University. Web. 1 July 2010. http://pages. stern. nyu. edu/~adamodar/. Draho, J. (2004). â€Å"The IPO Decision: Why and How Companies Go Public†. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Jetblue Ipo Essay Example Jetblue Ipo Paper JetBlue Airlines, a low-fare commercial airline, has planned to go public towards the end of 2001. During the process the firm had restructured their initial price from $22- 24 per share to $26 – 28 per share. Advantages / Disadvantages of the IPO Decision There are considerable advantages with obtaining equity through the IPO process. There are, however, some drawbacks that also need to be taken into consideration. Some of the advantages and disadvantages are: Advantages| Disadvantages| Equity value is established for the firm * Current shareholders can diversify personal portfolios| * SEC requires public disclosure of financial information (transparency) * IPO expenses| * Liquidity of stock increases| * Owner restricted to immediate cash-out| * Easier to raise capital in the future| * Sharing of future earnings with outsiders| | * Legal liability| Exhibit A in the appendix outlines some additional key advantages and disadvantages of going public through the IPO process. IPO Valuation Techniques Deriving a value for an IPO is the critical part of the process. In both fixed price and book building offers some form of initial price must be determined by the investment bank. Key methods are used to determine the value of a company and thus the initial IPO price includes: * Discounting Methods: based on a firms intrinsic value (future cash flows) * Comparable Multiples Method: value based on similar publicly traded companies Using information from the case we perceived the IPO pricing of $24-26 was determined by using the comparable multiples approach. Therefore, we will use the discounted cash flows method to determine an introductory price and evaluate whether it is in-line with the current proposed price. Exhibit B provides a description of each method. Discounted Cash Flow Recommendation It is our recommendation for the firm to set the price range for the IPO at the adjusted rate of $26 to 28. Although more value is achievable through a higher price, the lower range will meet the needs of the firm, maintain interest in the share, and possibly give large returns to the investors right away. Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public through the IPO Process Advantages The partners can obtain a true value of the shares they possess in the company * Partners can remove their signatures from the lines of credit and thus, are no longer personally liable to the creditors * The overall financial condition of a company is improved as it brings in non-refundable money * A broader capital base gives the company more access to credit whi ch gives the company an option to venture into new business opportunities * Capital raised in an IPO can be used to pay off debt and thus reduce the interest costs and enhance the company’s debt to equity ratio * The value of the stock may see an upward trend thus increasing the initial investor’s financial wealth * When a company goes public, it attracts the attention of the media and financial community thus providing free publicity and helps in creating a better corporate image * By going public and listing on a stock exchange it can directly foster public reputation in general Disadvantages The market is extremely unpredictable and an unsuccessful IPO can result in a great loss of time as well as money for the company * The ownership of the partners is dissolved and they become mere employees who are responsible to the shareholders and Board of Directors * Continuous dealing with shareholders and the press is a time-consuming process * Shareholders judge the perfor mance of the company on the basis of the profits and stock price and may cause managers to overlook the long-term strategic objectives * The company needs to make nation-wide presentations about its performance to the interested shareholders, brokers and the investment bankers * The company’s continued success may bring a lot of close scrutiny by the public * Large amounts of fees and expenses are associated with a public company on a continual basis commissions, advertising costs, securities exchange fees etc. Exhibit B: IPO Valuation Techniques Discounting Methods Theoretically, the price of a share is derived by discounting all future cash flows that accrue to shareholders. These techniques are used throughout industry; however, they do suffer in practical application due to the risk associated with forecasting both revenue and expenses (Draho, 2004). The two most frequently used discounting methods include the discounted free cash flows (DCF) and a residual income model (RIM). * Discounted Free Cash Flows Free cash flows are defined as the cash flows from operations after investment in working capital and any capital expenditures. We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These cash flows are considered more appropriate than accounting earnings which include non cash items such as depreciation that cannot be used to pay shareholders. Cash flows are used to pay dividends and thus capture true value for the investor. These cash flows are then discounted using a risk adjusted rate. The rate is estimated either by using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) for a 100% equity company or by calculating the weighted average cost of capital of the firm’s debt and equity (Geddes, 2003). * Residual Income Model The DCF model requires accounting earnings to be converted to cash flows. This is considered inappropriate as accounting values do not take into consideration the time value of money and may be subject to manipulation by way of accounting methods. The RIM is similar to the DCF method in that both methods use a risk adjusted discount rate. The RIM model, however, utilizes the difference between the realized earnings and the expected earnings, where the expected earnings is the cost of equity multiplied by the start of period equity book value (Draho, 2004). Comparable Multiples This is the most common method used by investment banks to value IPO’s. Its fundamental approach is the comparison of ratios of companies that operate in similar businesses that possess the same characteristics of risk, current and future profitability and growth prospects. There are number of ratios that can be used under this method, the most common being: * Price/Earnings multiples * Price/EBIT Market value/Book value * Price/sales The successful application of this method lies in choosing an appropriate comparison company. One method used by practitioners is to select up to 10 company’s operating within the same industry and to use the group’s median multiple to value the issuer. The second and most common method is to select 3-4 companies that are direct competitors within the particular industry to the issuer. The third method is to use multiples of firms that have recently gone public assuming all issuers share common valuation multiples. The comparable multiples method is a popular method to value an IPO due to its simplicity and accuracy. With the use of multiples there is no need to estimate the cost of capital, neither is there a need to depend on forecasted earnings and assumptions of valuation models. The use of multiples is supported by the assumption that relevant ratios capture the markets estimate of risk and growth. References Bruner, R. F. , Eades, K. M. , Schill, M. J. (2010). Case Studies in Finance: Managing for Corporate Value Creation. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Damodaran, Aswath. Damodaran Online: Home Page for Aswath Damodaran. Welcome to Pages at the Stern School of Business, New York University. Web. 1 July 2010. http://pages. stern. nyu. edu/~adamodar/. Draho, J. (2004). â€Å"The IPO Decision: Why and How Companies Go Public†. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.